Cases of The fresh new Condition is predicted to have PS and that off Comparable Circumstance for AusE audience

According to overall LDA classifications, each other listener organizations are essential to encounter Comparable Condition whenever recognize Dutch /?-?/, because these vowels try acoustically similar to type of local phonemes. However, in line with the stepwise DAs each other Dutch /?/ and you can /?/ sustain F1 resemblance to AusE /?/, F2 resemblance to help you AusE /?:/ and you will /?/, and you will F3 similarity so you can AusE /?/, /?:/ and you can /?/. not, based on category percent (age.grams., F2: Dutch /?/ > AusE /?:/, 80% and you can /?/ 15%, Dutch /?/ > AusE /?/, 95% and you may /?:/, 5%), it’s predicted you to AusE listeners, against Subset Situation, is distinguish those two phonemes as a result of the as a result of the reduced acoustic overlap involving the F2 and F3 signs. On the other hand, PS listeners is predicted to demonstrate all the way down discrimination accuracy compared to the AusE audience due to a high acoustic overlap across the about three acoustic dimensions and are also further expected to classify each other vowels just like the PS /i/, /e/, and you will /u/.

Based on the overall Da and you may stepwise designs, AusE listeners try forecast to obtain the Dutch /a-?/ a little challenging to detect because these vowels was basically classified all over a few or maybe more AusE vowel classes, if you are PS audience was predict to encounter The newest Circumstances by the predominantly mapping the new tunes according to PS /a/.

When you look at the contribution, if predictions according to listeners’ L1 vowel stocks size was borne out, AusE listeners, whose vowel index is bigger than that PS, are required getting high discrimination accuracy than PS listeners to possess most of the four Dutch contrasts. Alternatively and following L2LP’s acoustic hypothesis, when the acoustic differences between L1 and you can L2 dictate low-local voice impact, both listener groups’ discrimination dilemmas is yield comparable show. That’s, one another listener groups are needed to face the, Equivalent, and you can Subset Situations. To check this type of contrastive hypotheses, naive AusE listeners’ XAB discrimination and you may categorization of five Dutch vowel contrasts (/a-?/, /?-i/, /y-?/, /i-y/, and you may /?-?/) try than those of naive PS audience claimed into the previous training (Escudero and you will Wanrooij, 2010; Escudero and you will Williams, 2011).

Users

Twenty-two monolingual AusE students aged 18–45 years (M_age = 24.1 years; 11 females) participated for course credit at Western Sydney University. Participants were born and raised in Greater Western Sydney, and reported no experience with Dutch or any hearing impairment.

Non-native vowel categorization data from the same AusE listeners were compared to non-native vowel categorization data from 40 PS monolinguals (20 females) from Lima, Peru reported in Escudero and Williams (2011). Participants ranged in age from 18 to 30 years 2 , and reported no knowledge of Dutch or hearing impairment. XAB discrimination data from our AusE listeners was then compared to discrimination data of 22 PS listeners reported in Escudero and Wanrooij (2010). Listeners were monolinguals aged 17–28 years (M_age = ; 10 females) born and raised in Lima, Peru their entire life and reported no knowledge of Dutch.

Participant studies range into introduce investigation was carried out in conformity for the Human Look Integrity Committee (HREC), Western Sydney College or university, recognition count H9373.

Stimuli and you can Procedure

One another groups of users very first completed a two-alternative forced selection XAB discrimination activity followed closely by a great nonnative categorization activity. The brand new auditory stimuli towards XAB discrimination activity was in fact 20 of course brought tokens of any of the five Dutch vowels /a/, /?/, /?/, /i/, /y/, and you may /?/, obtained from recordings developed by 20 native Practical Northern Dutch audio system (ten lady) when you look at the monosyllabic utterances inside the a natural low-term /sVs/ consonantal context stuck within this a carrier sentence (Adank mais aussi al., 2004b). Regarding XAB task, audience heard three musical consecutively and you can had been following requested to indicate perhaps the very first sound (X) seemed a lot more like the following (A) otherwise third (B) voice by hitting one of two yellow squares (viz. “2” and you may “3”) presented on the a computer screen. There was an inter-stimuli period of just one.2 s, that has been picked since it is for a lengthy period to result in phonological activation (Werker and you can Logan, 1985; Van Hesse and you will Schouten, 1999; Escudero and you will Wanrooij, 2010), and you can an enthusiastic inter-demonstration period from 0.5 s after the participant’s selection. The new try try conducted inside the Praat and you may contains five prevents (one for each and jdate review every examine-/a-?/, /?-i/, /y-?/, /i-?/, and you will /?-?/) that contains 80 trials for each.